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Ethereum Staking Through the Lens of Lido
By: Tanay Ved
Introduction
The evolution of the Ethereum network towards a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain has ushered in crucial changes for its key participants and underlying economic systems. This transformative shift, often referred to as “changing the wheels of an airplane mid-flight” has now positioned staking as the backbone of Ethereum consensus. The successful completion of “The Merge”, followed by the “Shapella” upgrade, has resulted in an entire industry emerging around staking. With approximately $40B assets staked and a growing ecosystem of stakeholders, it's crucial that we understand the current make-up of this landscape and delve into key players wielding notable influence over the industry.
In this issue of Coin Metrics’ State of the Network, we dive into Lido—the largest player within the staking economy—and understand the state of its liquid staking token (stETH), governance token (LDO) and underlying node-operator composition. With this analysis, we seek to address Lido’s prominence in the liquid staking landscape—an increasingly contentious topic for the Ethereum community.
The State of Ethereum Staking
Before we start diving into the depths of Lido and stETH (staked ETH), however, it’d be helpful to understand Ethereum staking stands today—especially against the macro-economic backdrop of monetary tightening and rising interest rates.
Source: Coin Metrics Formula Builder
As of October, around 27.9M ETH (23% of current supply) or $40B in value has been staked on the Beacon Chain, highlighting the rapid growth of staking since the Shapella hard-fork. However, for now, this accelerated adoption seems to have slowed down, as showcased by the emptying validator entry queue. This slowdown can also be attributed towards the decrease in Ether staking APR from over 5.5% during the Merge to 3.5% as of October, as a function of a large number validators entering the network and lower transaction fees. In comparison, the US 10 Year treasury yield is currently at 4.67%, introducing a significant opportunity cost in the advent for safer and higher yields. A change in these conditions, however, could lead to a shift in this outlook—making on-chain yields attractive once again.
A Look into Lido’s Dominance
Lido plays a significant role in the staking economy, allowing for democratized access to staking. At its core, the protocol brings together capital providers (i.e., ETH stakers/delegators) and infrastructure providers (i.e., node-operators), allowing users to deposit any amount of ETH rather than the 32 ETH required to be a validator. When a user deposits ETH into Lido’s smart contract, funds are pooled and outsourced to a curated set of node-operators that run the required software and hardware. As a result, delegators receive”‘stETH”— a fungible claim on their ETH deposits minted at a 1:1 ratio.
Out of the total 27.6M ETH staked, ether staked through Lido is at 8.9M ETH or $16.8B in total value locked, making it the largest liquid staking and decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol. In percentage terms, this equates to about 32% of all ETH staked—a metric that’s been under the spotlight as Lido’s market share hovers around one-third of all ETH staked, resulting in re-surfacing concerns around centralization.
Source: Coin Metrics Network Data
The concerns stem from the notion that if a liquid staking protocol, or its underlying node-operators exceed critical thresholds of total ETH staked, it can increase the likelihood of undesirable outcomes for the Ethereum network due to increased centralization. This could be in the form of censorship, coordination in maximal extractable value (MEV) extraction or unfair slashing (penalties), and other forms of manipulation like time-bandit attacks for the purposes of personal gain. However, it's important to note that Lido does not operate as a single entity; instead it’s composed of 38 node operators subject to a maximum threshold of stake, with servers being distributed geographically to maintain jurisdictional dispersion of the validator set.
Source: mevboost.pics
Arguably, the governance process overseen by the Lido DAO (decentralized autonomous organization) presents a greater (potential) risk to the protocol than its share of staked ETH. We’ll explore the role of governance in a subsequent section below.
The debate over Lido’s dominance has amplified recently, with proponents arguing that Lido enhances accessibility to staking, while crediting its success to free market dynamics and the robust network effects of stETH. Conversely, its skeptics worry about the potential for centralization due to its growing influence—urging for Lido to self-limit its growth—while also exploring alternatives such as embedding staking more directly into the Ethereum network itself. Although the reality of this situation is more nuanced and likely lies somewhere in between this spectrum, it's evident that a balance between accessibility and decentralization is essential to maintaining Ethereum's core principles and long-term health.
stETH Network Effects
Lido’s first mover advantage coupled with the introduction of native yields through stETH, its liquid staking token, has garnered large network effects for the protocol. These characteristics have resulted in a winner-takes-most dynamic, creating oligopolistic market structure around liquid staking. stETH is one of the most crucial pieces within the Lido ecosystem, allowing users/stakers to “delegate” their Ether to secure the network (participate in consensus) in exchange for a tokenized representation—i.e., a derivative—of their underlying stake. This token not only presents a native form of yield, but also unlocks additional utility as it can be traded, exchanged, borrowed against or used for liquidity purposes while simultaneously earning staking yields—a key value proposition of liquid staking.
stETH as Collateral
Source: DeFi Balance Sheets
stETH and its wrapped version (wstETH) have grown to be the largest form of collateral backing loans on several decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms and their iterations including Aave, Maker and Compound. As illustrated above, the total share of deposits on Aave v2 is composed of 33% stETH, growing rapidly since its introduction on the platform. Over the same period, wrapped ETH (WETH) saw its share decrease from a high of 39% to 21% currently. Its growth is fueled by the yield and capital efficiency of stETH, which presents an opportunity cost compared to holding or using plain ETH.
These properties have also led to an array of emerging products utilizing stETH as a primary collateral base for overcollateralized or synthetic stablecoins. These products are complementary to others like sDai, sFrax and USDM, bringing yields from public securities, such asUS Treasuries, on-chain.
stETH on Decentralized & Centralized Exchanges
Source: Coin Metrics Market Data & Coin Metrics Labs
stETH also has a presence as a quote pair in secondary markets like decentralized and centralized exchanges, allowing users to gain exposure to the token and its staking rewards. Additionally, having significant liquidity on automated market makers (AMM’s)—such as Curve Finance & Uniswap—has helped facilitate liquid trading of the asset. As seen above, stETH has historically benefited from its large presence on Curve, with monthly trading volumes peaking close to $3.5B in May 2022. Recently though, this seems to be waning as Uniswap begins to capture more liquidity and trading volume. Liquidity on centralized exchanges has generally been lower in comparison, however, there seems to be an uptick on venues like OKX and Huobi.
stETH Token–Rebasing Mechanism
The stETH token follows a “rebasing” mechanism. This has crucial implications for users of Lido as well as applications featuring the stETH token. At a fundamental level, rebasing tokens like stETH are designed such that the token’s supply or a user's balance of staked ETH increases in proportion to the underlying asset. In this case, as a user supplies ETH (underlying asset) to Lido, stETH (derivative asset) increases in tandem as staking rewards are earned. Therefore, users don’t need to make any accompanying transactions to see changes reflected in their staking balance.
Rebasing Function:
balanceOf(account) = shares[account] * totalPooledEther / totalSharesThe stETH rebasing function can be visualized at a high level as seen below. For example, we can consider 3 hypothetical accounts with initial staked amounts of 50, 30 and 20 ETH respectively. On a daily basis, an oracle reports daily stats from the Beacon Chain regarding the total Ether pooled amongst validators. This total increase or decrease (in the case of validators being slashed) in total pooled Ether and accrued rewards are reflected in a user’s account balance at the end of each daily rebase—similar to increasing balances in a traditional savings account.
Although this results in a user-friendly experience, it means that applications that cannot support rebasing tokens are required to onboard a non-rebasing version to enable compatibility. This has led to the introduction of the wrapped staked ETH token (wstETH) which features on several protocols like Maker, Aave v3, Compound v3 and Uniswap V3.
Lido DAO Governance & the LDO Token
As alluded to earlier, governance is a major piece within the Lido protocol. The Lido DAO, governed by LDO token-holders, have “root” access to certain critical aspects of the protocol. This includes the ability to make smart contract upgrades, manage node and oracle operator registries, their associated withdrawal keys and oversee the Lido treasury. These privileges and the highly concentrated nature of LDO token holders are leading to worries around the Lido governance layer as a potential attack vector. As a result, proposals around dual-governance have been introduced, allowing stETH holders to veto decisions made by LDO holders with the aim of creating balance in the current power dynamic.
Source: Coin Metrics ATLAS & Address Tagging
The chart above illustrates the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) for LDO token holders. HHI measures the degree of concentration amongst market participants in an industry, and in this case the concentration of accounts holding LDO tokens. An HHI around 0 represents an even distribution, while HHI values close to 1 showcase extreme centralization in distribution, with a small number of holders controlling a disproportionate amount of supply. It’s evident that concentration changes significantly as a result of daily fluctuations in the holder base. Spikes in HHI above 1 are plausibly due to initial token allocations in December 2020 and major price drops in LDO price resulting in the temporary increases in concentration. However, over the long term there seems to be a decreasing trend in LDO token-holder concentration, depicted in red—decreasing from 0.6 in early 2021 to 0.3 as of October 2023.
Conclusion
Lido is a crucial component of Ethereum—making its health closely tied to that of the Ethereum network. Thus, there is a strong incentive to keep Lido secure. The current discourse around Lido and its prominence, therefore, represents a welcome development for the evolution of Ethereum as a proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain. While the path forward may be nuanced and not crystal clear, it showcases that stakeholders on either side of the debate have the best interests of Ethereum in mind—aligning with its principles of accessibility and decentralization.
Network Data Insights
Summary Metrics
Source: Coin Metrics Network Data Pro
Bitcoin active addresses rose 3% while Ethereum active addresses declined 2% over the week. Daily active Bitcoin addresses hit 1.14M on November 5th, the highest one-day total since September 15th.
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